Effects of Combustion Phasing, Relative Air-fuel Ratio, Compression Ratio, and Load on SI Engine Efficiency
![Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42452-019-1392-5/MediaObjects/42452_2019_1392_Fig12_HTML.png)
Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink
![Energies | Free Full-Text | Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method Energies | Free Full-Text | Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/energies/energies-12-00173/article_deploy/html/images/energies-12-00173-g001.png?1570911588)
Energies | Free Full-Text | Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method
![If lambda is essentially equal to 1.00, we can immediately eliminate the O2 sensor from consideration. If lambda is essentially equal to 1.00, we can immediately eliminate the O2 sensor from consideration.](https://www.austincc.edu/wkibbe/images/Lambda%20as%20a%20Diagnostic%20Tool_img_0.jpg)
If lambda is essentially equal to 1.00, we can immediately eliminate the O2 sensor from consideration.
![Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42452-019-1392-5/MediaObjects/42452_2019_1392_Fig7_HTML.png)
Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink
![Energies | Free Full-Text | Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method Energies | Free Full-Text | Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method](https://www.mdpi.com/energies/energies-12-00173/article_deploy/html/images/energies-12-00173-g009.png)
Energies | Free Full-Text | Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Regulation for Port-Injected Spark-Ignited Engines Based on a Generalized Predictive Control Method
![Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink Analyzing and predicting the relation between air–fuel ratio (AFR), lambda (λ) and the exhaust emissions percentages and values of gasoline-fueled vehicles using versatile and portable emissions measurement system tool | SpringerLink](https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs42452-019-1392-5/MediaObjects/42452_2019_1392_Fig6_HTML.png)